The Theory Of Goal Attainment By Imogene King - 895 Words

Nursing/Nursing Practice: Theory: No specific theory was identified on the public web page, However, there is a milieu of research and frameworks that are published that have been utilized by the Banner Health System as a whole. For example, the theory of goal attainment by Imogene King is one of the theories used by the nursing staff and is evident in bedside reporting (Anderson Mangino, 2006). However, as stated in the philosophy, the art and science of nursing is demonstrated by compassion, creativity, and competence (Goebel, 2016). Additionally, the strength of the practice is in providing what is best for their patients (Goebel, 2016). Both of these statements define how the organization allows for the use of multiple theories to best fit the patient, situation, or specialty. Practice: A piece of the nursing practice relies on the Care Management Model which sets up functional teams with different focus points such as clinical data analysis, safety, utilization review, patient education, and performance improvement (BMC, 2015). BFMC surely has a code of conduct manual but it was not available for the public to view. The Banner organization utilizes many company developed frameworks of care centering on the patient and results of care (Mensik, Maust-Martin, Scott, Horton, 2011). Additionally, Evidence based practice is expressed as scientifically based care promoting integrity and striving for the highest quality of care and services (Goebel, 2016). While BRMC doesShow MoreRelatedThe Theory of Goal Attainment by Imogene King1861 Words   |  7 PagesImogene King is a nationally recognized theorist, leader and educator. She developed the Theory of Goal Attainment while trying to outline content for a new graduate program. It has become the basis for estab lishing health care goals for patients and directing patient care. The theory of goal attainment identifies three levels found in the environment: personal, interactional and social. The primary level is the personal system level where the care of the patient is the main focus. The second levelRead MoreImogene King s Theory Of Goal Attainment1929 Words   |  8 PagesImogene King’s Theory of Goal Attainment Nearly every person on Earth has a desire to be heard and have their feelings and opinions matter to others. This is especially true when it comes to matters of one’s own health. To have the capacity to engage with doctors and nurses over decisions involving healthcare decisions is one of the keys to improving health. This is what Imogene King determined to be the case when developing her Theory of Goal Attainment. Analyzing King’s Theory of Goal AttainmentRead MoreImogene Kings Theory of Goal Attainment Essay986 Words   |  4 PagesImogene King’s System Interaction Model Theory of Goal Attainment Introduction Imogene King is a nationally recognized theorist, leader and educator. She developed the Theory of Goal Attainment while trying to outline content for a new graduate program (Leddy Pepper, 2006). It has become the basis for establishing health care goals for patients and directing patient care. The main purpose of the theory is to help patients attain, maintain or restore health. The purpose of this paper isRead MoreEssay about Imogene Kings Theory1496 Words   |  6 PagesImogene King’s Theory of Goal Attainment Abstract This paper is about Imogene King and her Theory of Goal Attainment. This paper details the components of the theory as well as practical application of those components today. Goal setting and patient education are discussed in relation to King’s theory. The role of the nurse as educator is explained. The importance of King’s theory and practical application of that theory is displayed. Imogene King was not only involved in nursing forRead MoreTheoretical Framework in Nursing Process - Interaction Theories1655 Words   |  7 Pagescontrast two of the models or theories presented in this chapter considering their usefulness in practice, research, education and administration. For the purposes of this discussion, I have selected King’s Theory of Goal Attainment and Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations. On a broad perspective, both theories aim at explaining the interaction processes that happen between a nurse and her patient. Imogene King’s basic assumption of her theory is that the nurse and the clientRead MoreThe Legacy Of Imogene King1469 Words   |  6 PagesImogene King was born on January 30, 1923 in West Point, Iowa. In 1945 she received her nursing diploma from St. John s Hospital School of Nursing in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1948, she earned her Bachelor of Science in Nursing from St. Louis University, and went on to complete her Master s of Science in Nursing, also from St. Louis University in 1957. She went on to earn her doctoral degree from Teachers College, Columbia University in 1961. Between 1966 and 1968, King worked as Assistant ChiefRead MoreThe Theory Of Nursing Theory1463 Words   |  6 PagesBy def inition theory is a proposal fostered to support a set of observations, a recognized statement of tentative knowledge depicting how various thoughts and concepts are connected to each other (Merriam-Webster, 2015). During my undergraduate studies my exposure to nursing theory was limited to mostly to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, a non-nursing theory. During this assignment I will expand my knowledge on the topic of nursing theory by explaining the importance of nursing theory. I will exploreRead MoreBiography Of Dr. Imogene M. King Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pages Dr. Imogene M. King was born in West Point, Lowa on January 30, 1923, youngest of three children. She dreamed of being a Teacher. However, to escape her life in small town she accepted her Uncle’s offer to study nursing. Where she never thought, would lead her to become one of the Pioneers and most sought Nurse Theorist. She received her nursing degree from St. John’s Hospital of Nursing St. Louis, Missouri in 1945, BS Nursing Education with minors in Philosophy and Chemistry from St. John’s HospitalRead MoreThe Theory Of Goal Attainment And Transactional Process825 Words   |  4 PagesImogene King was the Midwestern, twentieth century nursing theorist that developed the conceptual system and theory of goal attainment and transactional process. Although not without controversy, her theory has been the spring board for some middle range nursing theories and nursing education programs. This theory is particularly intriguing to individuals who are goal driven and will be explored in detail in the following paragraphs. According to the text, King based her original thoughts on theRead MoreDr. King And Her Nursing Process Theory1453 Words   |  6 PagesThis theory analysis paper is based on the work of Mrs. Imogene M. King and her Nursing Process Theory. It will show an overview of the model related to person, environment, health and nursing. The paper will also discuss the model and how it relates to the nursing practice. Finally the strengths and limitations will be discussed. Goal Attainment Theory Imogene King developed her nursing theory on the basis that the nurse and the patient, â€Å"work together to achieve the goals in the continuous

Puritan Society Of The Salem Witch Trials - 1793 Words

Puritan society was a utopia made of strict religious conduct and revolved around God s ultimate path and blessing. Anything that was believed to be sinful or was of material desires would be considered a sin, and later requires extensive prayer for God s forgiveness. Puritans believed that their philosophy would last forever, and it would never become under threat from both seen and unseen forces. Puritan society was formed in and around Massachusetts, and would become the basis of American society as we know it to be today. One place, in which Puritan philosophy was invaded with such unseen forces, dates back to Salem, Massachusetts in the late seventeenth century. This unseen force that invaded Puritan thought would become the basis†¦show more content†¦The nature imagery used expresses the flaws of Puritan thought and anxieties towards outside forces, both seen and unseen. Through his use of nature imagery and diction, the reader obtains a better understanding of such P uritan anxiety within the community as they try to maintain their utopian society from collapsing to these supernatural forces caused by an irritated and vengeful Devil. Nature imagery can turn an ordinary piece of literature into a vivid recollection of history. In Wonders of the Invisible World, nature plays a key role in discovering the hidden meaning being Puritan thought and doctrine, as well as aiding the reader to better understand why witchcraft become highly connected to many of their societal problems. This is evident in the very first lines; â€Å"The New Englanders are a people of God settled in those, which were once the devil’s territories†¦such a people here accomplishing the promise of old made unto our blessed Jesus, that He should have the utmost parts of the earth for His possession† (Mather 151). This is a very important passage because it quickly sets the tone for what is to come; that being that Puritans believed that until their colonies set tled, the land was under rule of the devil. This highlights that Puritans like Mather, were under the impression that any land not touched by Puritan doctrine was previously under devilish influences. Nature therefore explains that it is a God given right to the Puritans as a way to possess the

The Negative Effects of Divorce on Children Free Essays

â€Å"So many persons think divorce a panacea for every ill, find out, when they try it, that the remedy is worse than the disease† (Qtd in Harper 192). Divorce in any situation tears a child apart, tossing them from one house to another, limiting the time spent with their parents, and confusing them. There arent very many reasons that would show to be more beneficial for the parent to leave than to stay and keep their marriage. We will write a custom essay sample on The Negative Effects of Divorce on Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now Usually its better for the children if their parents work through their differences rather than get a divorce. To anyone, divorce is a horrible word. There is no way to make the word sound better or make it less painful. According to the Webster’s Dictionary, divorce is â€Å"the legal dissolution of marriage or the termination of an existing relationship or union† (Webster’s 370). This definition makes it seem formal and doesnt show the feeling that people have when the word is mentioned. To most children, divorce is much more than a legal dissolution; it is their whole world being torn apart and thrown on the ground in pieces. One of the biggest problems that divorce imposes on children is the decision of who they should live with. Usually parents divorce when children are small and the children have no say in where they go. Since the child cant choose, this usually leads to custody battles that end in split custody or joint custody. Whatever the choice turns out to be, either one of them will be detrimental to the child. When split custody is decided, it forces either the child or the court to choose which parent to live with and which one is in the childs best interest. It limits the time the child spends with both parenta. When the child only lives with one parent, the relationship with the other parent can be severely damaged. According to the National Survey of Children, close to half of all children with divorced parents have not seen their nonresidential parent in the past year, and only one in six had weekly contact (Whitehead 2). Since the children don’t see both their parents often, the parent that the child lives is usually thought of as strict and â€Å"no fun† because that parent is always there and is always responsible for disciplining the child. This can damage and cause social problems with the child. The nonresidential parent is usually viewed as the fun, exciting one that the child wants to be with. This parent usually tries to give the child presents, and money almost like they are using it in an attempt to â€Å"buy† the child’s love. The child doesnt usually feel the love and security of having a close family, since they are constantly moving from house to house. Because of the constant movement, the child doesnt usually receive quality time from either parent, and it makes it more difficult to feel loved. Joint custody, on the other hand, proves to be even less successful (Zinmeister 29). This type of custody is now allowed in half of the states in the US, although, joint custody is very unusual because of the extreme complications. In California, where divorce is more common than anywhere else, only eighteen percent of divorced couples have joint custody. Even when the divorced parents maintain regular contact with their children, truly cooperative child rearing is rare (Zinmeister 29). Research shows, that the parents have no communication or mutual reinforcement; this usually leads to very unhealthy relationships with their children. Joint custody is even worse on a child because there is even more movement involved. With split custody, the child goes to the nonresidential parent’s house on a certain schedule. In joint custody, however, the child is constantly moves back and forth between houses, causing an even larger lack of time between parent and their child. The custody battle can be damaging, but the divorce of a child’s parents can also confuse the child, suggesting that it is better for parents to stay together. The child does not really know what commitment really means. Since these children see their parents breaking vows without a second thought, they start to think that whats right for the parents must be the right thing for them to do too. Children are basically shown that they dont have to work out their problems as long as they can run away. This is one reason that today, when someone makes a promise, there is really no promise of whether it will happen or not. According to The Effects of Divorce on Children, an article written by J. Lynn Rhodes, young adults whose parents have divorced previously are likely to have social problems and trouble forming and maintaining intimate relationships (Effects 1). The value of a person’s â€Å"word† has lessened. Partly because of bad examples parents are setting for their children when they get a divorce. Generally, its better for children to suffer a bad marriage than to cope with divorce. According to University of Michigan psychologist and divorce expert Neil Kalter, the misery of an unhappy marriage is less significant than the changes after a divorce. The children would rather their parents keep fighting and not get divorced (Marriage 64). Although it doesnt seem logical, it shows that children want their parents to be together no matter what the cost. The alternative to most divorces is not life in a war zone (Zinmeister 30). In the most of the number of divorces there is no problem or issue that could ruin a person’s childhood. These divorces almost always make the child worse off and create many unnecessary problems for the child. If parents would concentrate harder on working their problems out rather than their own personal happiness, the children would be better off. Divorce, however, isnt always a terrible thing. In a few situations it is for the best. The two situations that can prove beneficial for a person to get a divorce are abusive relationships and adultery. When one parent is abusive, whether verbal, physical, or sexual, to the children, it is more beneficial to the child if the parent leaves (Huffman 4). Also, if one parent is physically abusing the other, the marriage should be ended. If a child watches their parent get beaten their entire life, they could think that its okay to act that way to other people or they can begin to hate the parent for staying. Also, when a spouse is committing adultery, divorce is definitly an option. When one spouse is faced with the affairs and still wont stop having them, the Bible gives the option of divorce. In Matthew 19:8-9 it says, â€Å"Moses permitted you to divorce your wives because your hearts were hard. But it was not this way from the beginning. I tell you that anyone who divorces his wife, except for marital unfaithfulness, and marries another woman commits adultery† (Huffman 9). Even under these ircumstances, Jesus permitted divorce, but he didnt encourage it. It generally shows to be more beneficial for a child if their parents stay in an imperfect marriage rather than getting a divorce. The things that are involved with a divorce severely damage a child. The child lacks a â€Å"sense of belonging† and becomes very confused. Therefore, when a person gets married, they need to think long and hard to make sure that it is the right choice for them and for possible children that they may have one day. The person needs to make sure that they dont settle for the person they can live with; they need to wait for the person that they cannot live without. As Jesus says in Mark 10:5-9: It was because your hearts were hard that Moses wrote you this law. But at the beginning of creation God made them male and female. For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and the two will become one flesh. So they are no longer two but one. Therefore what God hath joined together, let no man put asunder (Huffman 1). Works Cited Harper Book of American Quotations, New York, Harper and Row, 1988, p.192. Huffman, John. â€Å"The Raw Reality of Divorce.† Http://www.christiandigest.com/divorce.html. (19 November 1998). Marriage and Divorce, California, Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1997, p.64. Rhodes, J. Lynn. â€Å"The Effects of Divorce on Children.† http://www.lrhodes.com/divorce.html. 1997. â€Å"Through the eyes of a child.† Http://www.divorceonline.com (20 November 1998). Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, Massachusetts, Merriam-Webster, Inc., 1984, p.370. Whitehead, Barbara. â€Å"Coming Apart.† http://www.divorceonline.com (20 November 1998). Zinmeister, Karl. â€Å"Divorce’s Toll on Children.† Current Magazine, April 1997: 29-30. How to cite The Negative Effects of Divorce on Children, Papers

International Classification of Financial - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the International Classification of Financial. Answer: Introduction: Conceptual framework guides the preparation and presentation of financial statements with the objective of enhancing the ability of the financial statements to reflect the true and fair financial position of an organization as on the end of the financial period for which the financial statements have been prepared. The brief history of conceptual framework will help us to understand the initial objective with which it was established. The history of conceptual framework will guide us to understand the direction that it has given to the overall financial reporting and how the financial reporting has evolved over the years with the introduction of conceptual framework (Macve 2015). In order to evaluate the actual impact of conceptual framework on the process of financial reporting, each and every aspect of conceptual framework has been thoroughly assessed to track the evaluation of financial reporting along with the evolution of conceptual framework. Literature Review: Underlining the concept to be used in the preparation and presentation of financial reporting was the main objective behind the conceptual framework at the time of introduction of the concept. However, with the changing time other objectives have been included to modify the conceptual framework accordingly (Bice 2014). However, the main objective remains the same, i.e. to set out the concept to guide the preparation and presentation of financial statements in a manner suitable for reflecting the true and fair picture of an organization with respect to its financial performance and financial position as on a particular date. The purpose of conceptual framework in financial reporting: Financial reporting is the process of preparation and presentation of financial statements of an entity with the objective of providing the stakeholders of the entity necessary information about the results and financial position of the entity over a particular period which is being covered in these statements (Zhang and Andrew 2014). In order to be useful the financial statements must portray the true and fair picture of an entity to the stakeholders. Thus, in order to reflect the true and fair financial performance of the entity and financial position as on a particular date the financial statements must follow some standard guidelines. The need of some standard guidelines for the preparation and presentation of the financial statements give rise to the conceptual framework of financial reporting. Thus, the purpose of conceptual framework is to guide the accountants and management in preparation and presentation of financial statements to ensure that the financial reporting process provides the users of financial statements and stakeholders of an organization useful information about the financial performance and position of an entity as on a particular date (Henderson et al. 2015). The purpose of conceptual framework can broadly be discussed as following: To provide the accountants and management a standard guideline to be followed in preparation and presentation of financial statements. To improve the quality of financial reporting. To enhance the usefulness of the financial statements. It helps the accounting standard setting bodies to develop appropriate accounting standard. Reducing the scope of personal judgements, estimates in the process of financial reporting by reducing the alternative accounting principles and policies to limited few. It helps the auditor to form audit opinion by evaluating the financial statement based on the conceptual framework; History of conceptual framework: The conceptual framework of financial reporting has undergone numerous modifications and it is still developing as there is still continuous efforts been made by the International Financial Reporting Standards Board (IFRSB), earlier used to be known as International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), to improve the conceptual framework to enhance the quality of financial repairing in the future. IASB with the primary objective and purpose of assisting the accountants in preparation and presentation of financial statements introduced the conceptual framework of financial reporting (Cheng et al. 2014). Initially there were International Accounting Standards, here in after to be referred to as IASs, which were prepared to guide the preparation and presentation of financial statements of an organization. However, with the continuous development and changes in the economic and financial environment around the globe the need of modification to the erstwhile IASs arose and hence, the Intern ational Financial Reporting standards were formulated and issued by the IFRSB. Development of conceptual framework: With the ever-changing economic, financial and accounting environment across the globe, the importance of financial reporting which once was considered luxury for the business organizations became integral to the success and efficient functioning of an organization. Thus, with the passage of time and the changing circumstances and situations the need and importance of financial reporting have also increased (Erb and Pelger 2015). With these changes, the need for a comprehensive conceptual framework also arose thus, it was necessary to continue on the path of evolution to ensure further solidarity to the conceptual framework in financial reporting. The size and complexities of a business organization has changed significantly as with globalization the entities have the license to operate from different parts of the world. Thus, the importance of financial reporting have increased significantly. The conceptual framework must also be developed accordingly, to ensure that it is align with the requirements of changing business environment. Accordingly, the IASB must in consultation with premier accounting standards boards of different countries that are also member of the IASB should modify the conceptual framework to suit the needs of modern financial reporting. Thus, constant modification and development of conceptual frame work is a must to enhance the quality of financial reporting. Limitations of existing conceptual framework: The existing conceptual framework of financial reporting has numerous issues which have been identified in order to fix these issues by making necessary modifications to the conceptual framework to improve the quality of financial reporting in the future. The problems and issues identified in the existing conceptual framework are as follows: Numerous areas important to the financial reporting process have not been covered in the existing conceptual framework. These areas include presentation, guidance on measurement, disclosure requirements and above all the requirements to identify a reporting entity (Simnett and Huggins 2015). The definitions provided on assets and liabilities are certainly not clear and could be improved since the whole concept of financial reporting is pretty much standing on the foundation of assets and liabilities and recognition of these in the books of accounts of an organization. There are certain areas which are quite confusing in the existing conceptual framework. For example, the existing conceptual framework states that only if the flow of economic resources is probable, i.e. outflow of economic resources in case of a liability and inflow of economic resources in case of an asset, only then an asset or liability should be recognized. However, the IASB has also mentioned that in some cases recognition of assets and liabilities without the probability of flow of economic resources will provide useful information to the users of the financial statements (Chih and Zwikael 2015). Potential usefulness of the conceptual framework: The IASB has formulated number of accounting standards along with accounting principles and policies to guide the practice of the accountants for recording the financial transactions in the books of accounts of an entity. Following the underlying concepts provided in the conceptual framework which include the accounting standards, fundamental accounting principles and policies is mandatory in preparation and presentation of reports to portray the true and fair picture of entity as on the date to which the reports relate (Sierra?Garca et al. 2015). Thus, the concept to underline the preparation and presentation of financial reports have a huge influence on the overall financial reporting as the quality of financial reporting has improved immensely with the introduction conceptual framework. Considering that the process of evolution in conceptual framework is a continuing process the utility of it in the overall financial reporting is immense. The usefulness of the conceptual framework can be broadly classified and discussed as following; Improving the quality of financial reporting: The quality of financial reporting has improved a lot due to the conceptual framework as it has enhanced qualitative characteristics of financial statements. Qualitative characteristics such as comparability of financial statements, improving the ability of the financial statements to reflect the true and fair picture of an organization etc (Palea 2014). Reducing the alternative accounting policies and principles: The alternative accounting policies and principles prior to the introduction of conceptual framework were greater in numbers. However, with the conceptual framework these alternatives have been reduced significantly to improve the quality of financial reporting (Lee and Zhong 2014). As the number of alternative accounting principles and policies have reduced, the qualitative characteristics of the financial statements have enhanced simultaneously. Reduction in scope to manipulate accounts: Conceptual framework provides standard guidelines that are to be followed by the accountants to prepare and present the financial statements (Nobes 2014). Thus, the scope to manipulate accounts by using personal estimates and judgments have reduced significantly. Reflecting the true and fair financial position: As a result of conceptual framework the ability of the financial statements to show the true and actual financial performance and true and fair financial position of an organization have improved considerably (Kroeger and Weber 2014). The concepts underlying the preparation and presentation of financial statements have improved the quality of financial reporting thereby improving the ability of the financial statements to show the true and fair financial position of an organization as on a particular date. Useful information to the users of the financial reports: The financial statements prepared in accordance with the guidelines provided in conceptual framework contain important financial informations that are very useful for the users of the financial statements (Alrazi et al. 2015). The users of the financial statements will be able to take better decision about matters affecting their interests in an organization by using the financial statements. Enhancing the confidence of the stakeholders on the financial reporting process: The conceptual framework has enhanced the confidence of stakeholders of an organization and the users of the financial statements on the overall financial reporting process. The use of mandatory accounting standards and accounting principles in preparation and presentation of financial statements have improved the quality of these statements (Fonseca et al. 2014). As a result the confidence of the users on the financial reporting process have increased significantly. Eight points to indicate the new knowledge: The usefulness of conceptual framework has made it clear that even though there are certain limitations of the existing conceptual framework of financial reporting however, the benefits are far in excess of the limitations (Reuter and Messner 2015). Taking into consideration the discussion above the eight new points including both usefulness and limitations are discussed below. The lack of clarity in defining the assets and liabilities in the existing framework certainly affects the financial reporting process: The definitions provided in the existing conceptual framework for assets and liabilities have certainly added to the limitations of the conceptual framework. Thus, a better definition on the assets and liabilities would help to improve the overall quality of financial reporting. Asset and liabilities recognition criterions could have been modified to clear the confusion: There is significant confusion in recognition criterions of assets and liabilities. Thus, whether to follow the probability of economic benefits flowing to or from the organization should be made clear to get rid of the confusion (Reuter and Messner 2015). Process of evolution continues: The process of evolution whether by formulating and issuing new and improved accounting standards or by any other means will continue as it is a continuing process. Additions to cover further areas: The existing conceptual framework does not cover certain areas such as measurements, disclosure and identification criterions for reporting entity. It is essential to make necessary additions to cover these areas to improve the overall financial reporting quality. Integration with the economic and financial environment: The conceptual framework takes into consideration the changes in economic and financial environments to ensure that it is relevant and up-to-date with requirements of the present situation (Heald and Hodges 2015). IFRSs and its importance: The IFRSs developed to succeed the IASs are also to be continuously up-dated in accordance with the need of the time to ensure they are not out-dated and are in accordance with the requirements of the modern financial reporting environment. Disclosure and presentation requirements: The disclosure and presentation requirements are equally important to the financial reporting process and the conceptual framework makes it amply clear that an organization must take into consideration their importance while preparing and presenting the financial statements in accordance with the conceptual framework (Dinnie 2015). Applicability of IFRSs and IASs: Irrespective of the nature of the organization, whether profit oriented or non-profit organization the applicability of conceptual framework is Perpetual. Conclusion: Summarizing from the above discussion it is clear that the benefit of conceptual framework in financial reporting is numerous. However, there are certain limitations of the existing conceptual framework which must be addressed in the future by making necessary changes to the existing framework to ensure that the existing framework does not lose relevance in the future. Continuous up-gradation of the accounting standards and policies on the basis of the modern day requirements of financial reporting will be useful in improving the quality of financial reporting in the future. Reference Alrazi, B., de Villiers, C. and Van Staden, C.J., 2015. A comprehensive literature review on, and the construction of a framework for, environmental legitimacy, accountability and proactivity.Journal of cleaner production,102, pp.44-57. Bice, S., 2014. What gives you a social licence? An exploration of the social licence to operate in the Australian mining industry.Resources,3(1), pp.62-80. Cheng, M., Green, W., Conradie, P., Konishi, N. and Romi, A., 2014. The international integrated reporting framework: key issues and future research opportunities.Journal of International Financial Management Accounting,25(1), pp.90-119. Chih, Y.Y. and Zwikael, O., 2015. Project benefit management: A conceptual framework of target benefit formulation.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), pp.352-362. Dinnie, K., 2015.Nation branding: Concepts, issues, practice. Routledge. Erb, C. and Pelger, C., 2015. Twisting words? A study of the construction and reconstruction of reliability in financial reporting standard-setting.Accounting, Organizations and Society,40, pp.13-40. Fonseca, A., McAllister, M.L. and Fitzpatrick, P., 2014. Sustainability reporting among mining corporations: a constructive critique of the GRI approach.Journal of Cleaner Production,84, pp.70-83. Heald, D. and Hodges, R., 2015. Will austerity be a critical juncture in European public sector financial reporting?.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,28(6), pp.993-1015. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015.Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Kroeger, A. and Weber, C., 2014. Developing a conceptual framework for comparing social value creation.Academy of Management Review,39(4), pp.513-540. Lee, C.W. and Zhong, J., 2014. Top down strategy for renewable energy investment: conceptual framework and implementation.Renewable Energy,68, pp.761-773. Macve, R., 2015.A Conceptual Framework for Financial Accounting and Reporting: Vision, Tool, Or Threat?. Routledge. Nobes, C., 2014.International Classification of Financial Reporting 3e. Routledge. Palea, V., 2014. Fair value accounting and its usefulness to financial statement users.Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting,12(2), pp.102-116. Reuter, M. and Messner, M., 2015. Lobbying on the integrated reporting framework: an analysis of comment letters to the 2011 discussion paper of the IIRC.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,28(3), pp.365-402. Sierra?Garca, L., Zorio?Grima, A. and Garca?Benau, M.A., 2015. Stakeholder engagement, corporate social responsibility and integrated reporting: an exploratory study.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,22(5), pp.286-304. Simnett, R. and Huggins, A.L., 2015. Integrated reporting and assurance: where can research add value?.Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal,6(1), pp.29-53. Zhang, Y. and Andrew, J., 2014. Financialisation and the conceptual framework.Critical perspectives on accounting,25(1), pp.17-26.

Epilepsy Essays (404 words) - Channelopathies, Epilepsy,

Epilepsy Epilepsy is a genetic disorder that affects the parts of the brain similar to a computer. These parts communicate electronically. When this cant take place a seizure occurs. When a person has a series of recurring seizures they are usually diagnosed with epilepsy. People with the disorder have an electrical abnormity in there brain. Someone with the disorder will commonly have seizures and some may have asthma. Hippocrates the Greek physician is thought to have been the first to realize that epilepsy runs in families. Recent studies show that a persons chance is up to 4x higher is a blood relative has it. As the number of relatives with it grows so do the chances of getting it. Also the chances are greater if the relatives developed it at a young age. Both genes and environment cause epilepsy although genes are the greater of the 2 causes. Epilepsy is not a single genetic disorder but a group of similar disorders. There are 7 variations of epilepsy ? Cystatin B (on the 21 chromosome) This was the first type of epilepsy identified. This type is a progressive type of the disorder rare everywhere except in Finland ? KCNQ2 (on the 20 chromosome) This type of epilepsy only affects newborns. It disrupts the the gene for a protein that controls the potassium to the brain, which results in seizures. ? KCNQ3 (on the 8 chromosome) This is 70% the same as KCNQ2 but this also affects the heart n loss of hearing ? EPMR (also on the 8 chromosome) Also known as Northern Epilepsy, EPMR can cause seizures and even mental retardation. ? CHRNA4 (on the 20 chromosome) The symptoms of this varient of epilepsy is a series of night time seizures. Since it does not involve all the brain CHRNA4 is also know as partial epilepsy. It affects one of the chemicals used during the transmit ion of signals between neurons ? CHRNA7 benign rolandic epilepsy, and LYS which might also involve other genes is juvenile myoclonic epilepsy Though the variants of epilepsy can not all be cured there are medicines used to treat them. Julius Ceaser of ancient Roman times is believed to have had a type of epilepsy. Science

Major Assignment Essays

Major Assignment Essays Major Assignment Essay Major Assignment Essay This assignment requires students to compile a BUSINESS REPORT based on the attached news article and related questions. 2. This assignment must be done in pairs; individual assignments will not be accepted. Preferably, you must select a person from within your tutorial group as your assignment partner. 3. Your assignment MUST be word processed. Hand written assignments will NOT be accepted. 4. Ensure that your names, ID No’s, tutors name and tutorial day and time are stated clearly on the cover page, which can be downloaded from Moodle. 5. A penalty of 10% will be deducted each day or part thereof that the assignment is late. Check late assignment policy. 6. Use proper in text referencing, footnotes and a bibliography. Plagiarized/copied assignments will be awarded a ZERO (0) mark. 7. Font size of 12 should be used with single line spacing. 8. Word limit for this assignment is 1500 words. 9. All answers will have to be submitted into TURN-IT-IN on moodle on the due date. A submission box will be made available on moodle. 10. Case Article: Read â€Å"Wainivesi seeks mining lease extension† by Rachna Lal, Fiji Sun 5th March, 2013. A copy of the article is attached on next page] Required Compile a BUSINESS REPORT based on the following questions, in light of reading the case article and relevant readings. In writing your answers, you may provide quotes from the article to support your answer. Assume that you and your partner have been appointed as consultants and have been requested by the investors of Asia Pacific Resources Limited to provide them a business report in regards to the following: * Explain which underlying ‘accounting assumption’ is managing director Mathew Huggan most concerned about and the reasons for his concerns. * â€Å"For the investors, the Government and the landowners the only way in which to earn income from Wainivesi is by operating the mine. † * Clearly explain how each party would earn income from the Wainivesi mine. | * Evaluate whether ‘exploration costs’ for mining companies’ are assets? Why or why not? | * Evaluate whether the land on which the Wainivesi Mine sits, is an asset of Asia Pacific Resources Limited or the landowners. * | * Evaluate whether the company would have a liability in regards to the damages to the environment as a result of mining. * | ~THE END~

Socio-Cultural Effect on International Students Dissertation

Socio-Cultural Effect on International Students - Dissertation Example .. 6 2.1. Background literature †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 2.2. Focal literature †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 7 3. Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 3.1. Provisional research questions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 3.2. Research design †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 3.3. Sa mpling †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 3.4. Data collection instruments †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 14 3.5. Data collection †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 3.6. Data analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 3.7. Time frame †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 3.8. Ethical and Legal Considerations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...16 4. CONCLUSION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 16 5. References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ... countries for many reasons, and when they go to their new country, they have to deal with new beliefs, practices, mannerisms, and other components of the new culture. Some of the reasons for emigrating include work, school and marriage among others. However, the most challenging of these reasons for change is education. This is primarily due to the demands of day-to-day school life including getting decent grades to fulfil one’s dreams or sustain a scholarship, or the challenges of interacting with native students who may have pre-emptive misconceptions about foreigners. Moreover, the student is under pressure of learning more than the course content; for instance, one has to adopt the normal behaviours of natives, some of which may not be in line with their beliefs. In addition, the students have to familiarise with the native language and work on their accent when using English, which are the main language barriers and principal subjects of ridicule against foreign students. Finally, these students have to learn new places, including where to find utility services, go shopping, go for classes, and entertainment places among others. Canterbury Christ Church University has programs for helping foreign students settle in the new country including clear guidelines on requirements, process for course application, acquisition of student visas and others. However, the extent to which these forums help international students is not clear as many studies just focus on their availability. Background Information General According to BBC.co.uk (2009), the number of international students in United Kingdom universities has been on the rise, with over 48 per cent increase between 2000 and 2006. Moreover, students for beyond the European Union nearly doubled in a decade to

Artificial Intelligence Techniques Used In Autonomous Cars Research Paper

Artificial Intelligence Techniques Used In Autonomous Cars - Research Paper Example The robots ultimately take over their creators (Rouse). Physically, a robot contains the same components as humans have. In this scenario, a robot has some kind of motor, a portable physical structure, a power supply, a sensor system and a processing system "brain" that is responsible for controlling all of these components. Fundamentally, robots are human created forms of animal life but actually, they are machines which are intended to replicate human and animal behavior (Harris; Berlin). Artificial Neural Networks According to (Stergiou and Siganos), an artificial neural network is a data processing model that is inspired by the method of biological nervous systems information processing. Neural Network is also a renowned and heavily researched area of the AI. Stergiou & Siganos (2010) described that in the neural network field the working of the human neuron is copied into the computer-based systems. In addition, the neural network is an AI-based computer program which imitates t he human nervous systems’ working. It is based on the neural net which has weights on each node that can be adjusted to make suitable decisions. Such systems are typically seen in automatic driving systems that are under-research and at the early stages of development (Stergiou and Siganos; Laudon and Laudon). Autonomous Cars An autonomous car, is also known using a number of other names such as self-driving cars, driverless cars or robot cars. Basically, these cars are designed using artificial intelligence techniques with the purpose of supporting the human transportation facilities which are provided by a traditional car. In view of the fact that it is an autonomous vehicle, hence it can sense its atmosphere and navigate without requiring human interaction. Though, until now these robotic cars are mostly used as demo systems and prototypes, however, it is expected that in the future they will become more common.

Case project Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project - Case Study Example Basically, Enron Corporation was established in 1985 and it dealt with issues related to energy. The executives practised off-book accounts which negatively impacted on the operations of the organisation. The executives of the company capitalised on the use of loopholes in the accounting system as well as poor financial reportage Hanson (1). Debts amounting to billions of dollars in projects and deals which did not succeed were hidden in the process. The company misrepresented its financial statements in order to portray a positive picture to the shareholders about its performance. Interestingly, the company sought to appeal to investors through falsehoods. In actual case, this was not the situation obtaining on the ground given that it hid its financial statements from public scrutiny. Such practice was blessed by the Chief Financial Officer, Andrew Fastow and other executives. The system adopted by the organisation in its operations contributed to a malfunction of the corporate culture. Emphasis was shifted to short term earnings which resulted in bad accounting practices. This came to light when the company refused to be censured about its performance by its unwillingness to reveal its balance sheet as well as other financial records. This practice is mainly viewed as unethical in business. The concept of ethics plays a significant role in shaping the operations of an organisation in different situations. Basically, business ethics refers to the values, principles and standards that operate within business and these attempt to make a distinction between something that is morally good from bad (Rossouw, 6). The value system of an organisation mainly shapes its ethical code of conduct. Thus, Desjardins (5), describes values as â€Å"essential and enduring tenets† that help define the company and are â€Å"not to be compromised for financial gain or short term expediency,† (DesJardins 2006:5). The opposite is exactly

Role of the Jury in the English Legal System

Role of the Jury in the English Legal System The jury trial is considered to be one of the most controversial elements of the justice system in the UK. The practice of trial by jury has shown over the years to have many disadvantages that which causes concern to society and must be reconsidered by Parliament. The key issues that have arisen of the years relating to the use of juries are a) the experience and intellect of the jurors making judgements in complex cases; b) the expensiveness and longevity of jury trials; and C) the fairness of jury selection. This essay shall try to critically analyse the role of the jury within the English legal system and explain why the jury trial should no longer play a part in the criminal and civil justice systems of the United Kingdom. Trial by jury was first introduced into the justice system in the twelfth century, however it was not a guarantee until many years later, when a clause within the Magna Carta stated that no free man shall be taken or imprisonedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦except by the lawful judgement of his peers or by the law of the land[1]. The role of the jury has since evolved from the medieval times and was completely formed in the 18th century into what it is today[2], with modern juries playing a vital role in assessing the facts of the case and, in the case of a criminal trial, determining whether the defendant is guilty beyond reasonable doubt, or in the case of a civil trial, deciding whether the claimant has the right to damages on the balance of probabilities. Towards the end of the 1900s, public attention started to be drawn towards problems arising with jury reliability, selection, experience, and bias. The Criminal Courts Review by Lord Justice Auld in 2001 was a crucial argument in the discussions concerning jury trials. Auld goes on to say that support for the jury system is not universal, especially among those who have been jurors.[3] This suggests that there is a considerable amount of negative opinion among former juror members about the jury system. The main drawbacks presented within this report were a) lack of experienced jurors who represent different social layers, b) poor ethnic minority representation, and c) the game character of the trial process, where the truth is not as important as victory.[4] The Criminal Justice Act 2003 did however alter the jury system and selection process by stating that a) if the judge ruling the case is satisfied, certain fraud cases and cases where a danger of jury tampering existed are not t o be tried by a jury; and b) the jury selection system had to be improved in order to provide more experienced and unbiased people representing different social groups and ethnic minorities.[5] Statistics have shown that jury trials are actually very rare. Only one in every hundred criminal trials are actually tried by jurors due to restrictions on the use of jury trials.[6] But it is not only the restrictions imposed that make access to jury trial very complicated. What also makes it complicated is the extortionate amount of money and long periods of time that must be put into each case, which puts jury trials at a disadvantage. These problems can make it extremely inconvenient and draining for both the defendant and, in particular, the members of the jury as they will have to spend a lot of their time getting through the necessary procedures and partaking in the actual trial. Jury trials can last from a couple days to many weeks, even months. During that period, members can be on a jury for more than one trial during their service.[7] In one instance, a juror failed to turn up for a trial as she found it really boring, resulting in the trial being suspended before continu ing with 11 jurors.[8] This suggests that sitting on a jury is not what is hyped up to be, and that the negatives vastly outweigh the positives of sitting on a jury. The qualification rules for jury selection has also been often criticised. According to the Juries Act 1974[9], the criteria to serving on a jury are: 1) the person should be registered as a parliamentary or local elector; 2) the person should not be less than 18 and no more than 65 years old; 3) the jury should have been ordinarily resident in the UK for a period of at least five years since his or her 13th birthday. The criterion set out in the Act is quite narrow and should be broadened in order to ensure better quality of juries. Ineligible persons include past and present members of the judiciary, other people who have been concerned with the administration of justice, the clergy and mentally ill people. The Criminal Justice Act 2003 also disqualifies individuals who have served a custodial sentence within the past ten years, received a lifetime custodial sentence, or are released on bail and awaiting trial at the time the jury is summoned.[10] However the issue is not in relati on to the qualification of jurors, but the mere fact that jurors are subject to human error. As the selection criteria is very narrow, there will be individuals who are well educated as well as not; some who are very responsible and some who are not; and individuals who are wanting get gain a better understanding of the case while others just wanting to get home as soon as possible. In the case of R v Litchfield,[11]it was up to the jury to decide whether or not negligence was gross negligence. As a result, the jurys verdict was confused and instructions from the judge had to be restated. It is clear to say that members of the jury in this case were either not educated well enough or had no experience at all in dealing a complex judgement, which is presumably the case with all jurors.[12] Many jurors do encounter problems that are far beyond their training and experience, as the lack of legal knowledge allows prosecutors to easily sway jurors to believe their assertions. But not only are jurors unskilled and inexperienced, they often disregard logic presented by the lawyers because of their prejudices, past experience, or moral sentiment. Some jurors may even follow the majority and make the same verdict as the stronger personalities. But the main problem is that, as jurors do not usually know the law and legal procedures, they are often unable to understand complex evidence or to assess the reliability of a witness or evidence. A research study by Matthews, Hancock and Briggs[13] shows that jurors fees very enthusiastic about their role in the trial process, however one third of jurors feel that it is inconvenient. The report also shows that well-educated skilled people and professionals are under-represented as only skilled manual workers and unskilled workers have enough time to be part of longer trials. From this, it is clearly obvious that the education level of many jurors is comparatively low. Approximately 60% of the respondents were confused and had difficulties while listening to evidence and following instructions. Furthermore, about 30% of jurors face a language barrier and would need a translator. Having a translator would make the evidence unclear as translations are not always presented in the right way. The study also shows that a third of jurors are uncomfortable being in a courtroom, but also 90% of jurors are satisfied with being a member of the jury and realise he meaning and importance of the role. Additionally, 30% of jurors are not well educated (do not have a degree) and 40% of people have no knowledge of the court process. These statistics are an indication that jury selection must vastly improve. All these issues can be ratified by giving jurors more detailed instructions before trial starts and balancing the number of people with different education levels. Cheryl Thomas states in her research that there are serious race disproportions in the jury structure and ethnic minorities are truly under-represented.[14] Thomas also agrees that instruction need to be more clear, simpler and broad as many jurors claim they have faced difficulties when studying such instructions. However, she also goes on to report that some of the problems concerning race stereotypes within the jury system are highly exaggerated, and have found no proof that white jurors are likely to be biased and make unfair verdicts. With that in mind, remedies must be made to ensure that it is a fair selection and that individuals from all backgrounds are represented in a jury trials. In 2007, the Ministry of Justice published the findings of the Jury Diversity Project[15] which revealed that most defendants in Crown Courts outside of London will be tried by an all-white jury. The role of the jury in the English legal system remains a controversial part of the judicial system. Complications have arisen by issues of jury selection; costs and longevity of each trials; and the experience and intellect of jury members summoned to partake as a jury member. With many sources proving that a) jurors lack the required intellect and experience to handle complex trials and make fair judgements; b) individuals from all backgrounds, especially ethnic minorities, are under-represented; and c) the length of time for jury selection and trial being too long for an individual to handle suggests that the whole process of jury trials need to be reconsidered. A number of former jurors tend to have more of a negative opinion on the use of juries due to the fact that they did not know much about the law, instructions were not given clearly, they could not tell whether to disregard a piece of evidence or not, along with many other issues. However while juries have been an integra l part of the judicial system and being assessed by ones peers and not by the judiciary seems fair, non-jury trials have had the least amount of criticism. It is clear to see that jury trials should no longer be a part of the legal system of England and Wales and that all aspects of a trial including analysing the facts of the case as well as the application of the law should only be the responsibility of the judiciary. Bibliography Cases R v Litchfield [2008] AC 507 (HL)] Legislations Criminal Justice Act 2003 Juries Act 1974 Books Cairns J and McLeod G, The Dearest Birthright of the People of England: The Jury in the History of the Common Law (1st edn, Hart publishing, 2002) Davies M, Croall H and Tyrer J, Criminal Justice: An Introduction to the Criminal Justice System in England and Wales (3rd edn, Pearson-Longman 2010) Gibson B, Criminal Justice Act: The Statute (1st edn, Waterside Press 2005) Gary Slapper and Kelly David, The English Legal System (8th edn, Routledge-Cavendish 2006) Articles JER Stephens, The Growth of Trial by Jury in England (1896) 10 HLR 150, 155 Michael Zander QC, Lord Justice Aulds Review of the Criminal Courts: A Response (2001)   UK Government Jury Service accessed 30 December 2016 Huddersfield Examiner Juror in Leeds court because she found trial boring Huddersfield Daily Examiner (Huddersfield, 21 February 2012) Linda Woolhether The Disadvantages of the Jury System accessed 2nd January 2017 Roger Matthews, Lynn Hancock and Daniel Briggs, Jurors perceptions, understanding, confidence and satisfaction in the jury system: a study in six courts (Home Office, May 2004) accessed 3 January 2017 Cheryl Thomas Are juries fair? (Ministry of Justice, February 2010) accessed 3 January 2017 Cheryl Thomas Diversity and Fairness in the Jury System (Ministry of Justice, June 2007) accessed 4 January 2017 [1] JER Stephens, The Growth of Trial by Jury in England (1896) 10 HLR 150, 155 [2] John Cairns and Grant McLeod, The Dearest Birthright of the People of England: The Jury in the History of the Common Law (1st edn, Hart publishing, 2002) [3] Michael Zander QC, Lord Justice Aulds Review of the Criminal Courts: A Response (2001)   [4] Malcom Davies, Hazel Croall and Jane Tyrer, Criminal Justice: An Introduction to the Criminal Justice System in England and Wales (3rd edn, Pearson-Longman 2010) [5] Bryan Gibson, Criminal Justice Act: The Statute (1st edn, Waterside Press 2005) [6] Gary Slapper and Kelly David, The English Legal System (8th edn, Routledge-Cavendish 2006) [7] UK Government Jury Service accessed 30 December 2016 [8] Huddersfield Examiner Juror in Leeds court because she found trial boring Huddersfield Daily Examiner (Huddersfield, 21 February 2012) [9] Juries Act 1974 [10] Criminal Justice Act 2003 [11] [2008] AC 507 (HL) [12] Linda Woolhether The Disadvantages of the Jury System accessed 2nd January 2017 [13] Roger Matthews, Lynn Hancock and Daniel Briggs, Jurors perceptions, understanding, confidence and satisfaction in the jury system: a study in six courts (Home Office, May 2004) accessed 3 January 2017 [14] Cheryl Thomas Are juries fair? (Ministry of Justice, February 2010) accessed 3 January 2017 [15] Cheryl Thomas Diversity and Fairness in the Jury System (Ministry of Justice, June 2007) accessed 4 January 2017

The Media During Times of War Essay -- Television Media TV Essays

The Media During Times of War The media has always tried to keep us as informed as possible on the events around us. Recently with the war in Iraq, the media has been doing what they can to keep all of us back at home aware of what’s happening. Some people feel that the amount of coverage given is â€Å"Un-American† while others think that the media is just doing what ever George W. Bush wants. The media has done only what they’ve always done, tried to get the story and make a name for themselves. On the ABS archives website, the titles alone show that the media isn’t a puppet to Bush; Two Soldiers Shot Dead in Mosul, US Soldier Killed in Blast North of Baghdad, Iraqi Oil Security Chief Killed in Mosul: Police, US Forces Kill Hungarian Student in Iraq, and several others missing a positive vibe (ABC). If the media was a puppet for Bush, I don’t think we’d be seeing all of this negative war coverage. This is where the other point of view comes in. Some people believe that all of the anti-war coverage along with the details repo... The Media During Times of War Essay -- Television Media TV Essays The Media During Times of War The media has always tried to keep us as informed as possible on the events around us. Recently with the war in Iraq, the media has been doing what they can to keep all of us back at home aware of what’s happening. Some people feel that the amount of coverage given is â€Å"Un-American† while others think that the media is just doing what ever George W. Bush wants. The media has done only what they’ve always done, tried to get the story and make a name for themselves. On the ABS archives website, the titles alone show that the media isn’t a puppet to Bush; Two Soldiers Shot Dead in Mosul, US Soldier Killed in Blast North of Baghdad, Iraqi Oil Security Chief Killed in Mosul: Police, US Forces Kill Hungarian Student in Iraq, and several others missing a positive vibe (ABC). If the media was a puppet for Bush, I don’t think we’d be seeing all of this negative war coverage. This is where the other point of view comes in. Some people believe that all of the anti-war coverage along with the details repo...